Learn about Igf 1, its functions, and the role it plays in the body. Discover how Igf 1 affects growth, muscle development, and overall health. Find out the benefits and potential risks associated with Igf 1 supplementation.

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Igf 1 la gi: What You Need to Know

Popular Questions about Igf 1 la gi:

What is IGF-1 and what does it do?

IGF-1, or insulin-like growth factor 1, is a hormone that is naturally produced by the body. It plays a crucial role in growth and development, especially during childhood and adolescence. IGF-1 promotes cell growth, division, and differentiation, and it also has anabolic effects on muscle and bone tissues.

How is IGF-1 produced in the body?

IGF-1 is produced in the liver and other tissues in response to the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. GH stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1, which then circulates in the blood and binds to IGF receptors on target cells throughout the body.

What are the functions of IGF-1?

IGF-1 has multiple functions in the body. It promotes cell growth, division, and differentiation, particularly in muscle and bone tissues. It also stimulates protein synthesis, which is essential for building and repairing tissues. Additionally, IGF-1 plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

What are the effects of high levels of IGF-1?

High levels of IGF-1 have been associated with various health benefits and physiological effects. These include increased muscle mass and strength, improved bone density, enhanced cognitive function, and improved insulin sensitivity. However, excessively high levels of IGF-1 may also increase the risk of certain diseases, such as cancer.

How can I increase my IGF-1 levels naturally?

There are several natural ways to increase IGF-1 levels. Regular exercise, particularly resistance training, has been shown to stimulate the release of growth hormone and subsequently increase IGF-1 production. A balanced diet that includes adequate protein, healthy fats, and essential nutrients is also important for optimal IGF-1 production. Additionally, getting enough sleep and managing stress levels can help maintain healthy IGF-1 levels.

Can IGF-1 supplements help with muscle growth?

While IGF-1 supplements are available, their effectiveness and safety for muscle growth are still a topic of debate. Some studies suggest that exogenous IGF-1 supplementation may enhance muscle growth and recovery, especially in individuals with growth hormone deficiencies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of IGF-1 supplementation.

What are the risks of having low IGF-1 levels?

Low levels of IGF-1 can have various negative effects on the body. In children and adolescents, it can lead to growth retardation and delayed puberty. In adults, low IGF-1 levels may contribute to muscle wasting, decreased bone density, impaired cognitive function, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect you have low IGF-1 levels.

Are there any medical conditions associated with abnormal IGF-1 levels?

Yes, abnormal IGF-1 levels have been associated with several medical conditions. Excessively high levels of IGF-1, often caused by conditions like acromegaly or gigantism, can lead to abnormal growth, enlarged organs, and other health problems. On the other hand, low levels of IGF-1 can be seen in conditions like growth hormone deficiency, malnutrition, and certain chronic diseases.

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Igf 1: What Is It and How Does It Work?

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the human body. It is produced by the liver and acts as a mediator of the effects of growth hormone (GH). IGF-1 is involved in various physiological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.

IGF-1 works by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, activating a cascade of signaling pathways that ultimately lead to the growth and development of tissues and organs. It stimulates cell division and promotes the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for the growth and repair of tissues.

One of the key functions of IGF-1 is its role in bone growth. It stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation. This hormone also enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestines, which are essential for bone mineralization.

IGF-1 also plays a significant role in muscle growth and repair. It promotes the synthesis of muscle proteins and enhances muscle hypertrophy. It also stimulates the transport of glucose and amino acids into muscle cells, providing the necessary energy and building blocks for muscle growth.

In addition to its role in growth and development, IGF-1 has been implicated in various other physiological processes, including metabolism, immune function, and aging. It has been shown to regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, as well as modulate the immune response. Furthermore, IGF-1 levels have been found to decline with age, leading to the hypothesis that it may play a role in the aging process.

In conclusion, IGF-1 is a hormone that is essential for growth and development. It works by binding to specific receptors on target cells and activating signaling pathways that promote cell growth and differentiation. In addition to its role in growth, IGF-1 also plays a significant role in bone and muscle growth, as well as other physiological processes. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex mechanisms underlying the actions of IGF-1 and its potential therapeutic applications.

Igf 1: Definition and Structure

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that plays a crucial role in growth and development. It is produced primarily in the liver and is part of the insulin-like growth factor family. IGF-1 is structurally similar to insulin and has similar effects on cells throughout the body.

IGF-1 is composed of 70 amino acids and is produced when growth hormone (GH) stimulates the liver. It circulates in the bloodstream and binds to specific receptors on target cells, activating various signaling pathways.

Structure of IGF-1

The structure of IGF-1 consists of three distinct regions:

1. Signal peptide: This region is responsible for directing the newly synthesized IGF-1 to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it undergoes further processing.
2. B domain: This region is involved in receptor binding and activation. It contains a cysteine knot motif, which is critical for the interaction with the IGF-1 receptor.
3. A domain: This region is responsible for the biological activity of IGF-1. It contains the majority of the amino acids and is involved in binding to insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs).

The structure of IGF-1 allows it to bind to the IGF-1 receptor, which is present on the surface of various cells. This binding activates a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.

IGF-1 also interacts with IGFBPs, which regulate its availability and activity. IGFBPs can either enhance or inhibit the actions of IGF-1, depending on the specific conditions and cellular context.

Summary of IGF-1 Structure

Region
Function

Signal peptide	Directs IGF-1 to the endoplasmic reticulum
B domain	Involved in receptor binding and activation
A domain	Responsible for the biological activity of IGF-1 and binding to IGFBPs

In conclusion, IGF-1 is a hormone that plays a crucial role in growth and development. Its structure consists of a signal peptide, B domain, and A domain, each with specific functions. Understanding the structure of IGF-1 is essential for comprehending its role in various physiological processes.

Igf 1: Functions and Roles in the Body

Igf 1, also known as Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the human body. It is produced in the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation and is responsible for a wide range of physiological functions.

1. Growth and Development

Igf 1 is primarily known for its role in promoting growth and development during childhood and adolescence. It stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and organs, ensuring proper development and maturation. It also plays a role in the development of the central nervous system and helps in the formation of neural connections.

2. Cell Growth and Division

Igf 1 is involved in regulating cell growth and division throughout the body. It promotes the proliferation of cells, ensuring the proper development and maintenance of tissues and organs. It also helps in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues, such as muscles and skin.

3. Metabolism

Igf 1 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. It enhances the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells, promoting energy production. It also stimulates the breakdown of fats and inhibits the breakdown of proteins, helping to maintain a balance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the body.

4. Anti-Aging Effects

Igf 1 has been associated with anti-aging effects. It helps in maintaining the integrity and functionality of tissues and organs, preventing age-related decline. It also promotes the production of collagen, a protein that is essential for maintaining the elasticity and firmness of the skin.

5. Immune Function

Igf 1 plays a role in modulating immune function. It helps in the development and activation of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, which are essential for fighting infections and diseases. It also promotes the production of antibodies, enhancing the body’s immune response.

6. Neuroprotection

Igf 1 has neuroprotective properties and plays a role in the maintenance and repair of the nervous system. It promotes the survival and growth of neurons, protecting them from damage and degeneration. It also enhances cognitive function and memory formation.

7. Bone Health

Igf 1 is essential for maintaining bone health and density. It stimulates the production of bone cells, ensuring proper bone formation and remodeling. It also enhances the absorption of calcium and other minerals, promoting strong and healthy bones.

8. Muscle Growth and Strength

Igf 1 is a key regulator of muscle growth and strength. It promotes the synthesis of muscle proteins, enhancing muscle hypertrophy. It also improves muscle regeneration and recovery after exercise or injury.

9. Cardiovascular Health

Igf 1 plays a role in maintaining cardiovascular health. It helps in the dilation of blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It also protects against oxidative stress and inflammation, which are key factors in the development of heart diseases.

10. Cancer

Igf 1 has been implicated in the development and progression of certain types of cancer. It promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell death, contributing to tumor growth. However, the relationship between Igf 1 and cancer is complex and further research is needed to fully understand its role.

Summary of Igf 1 Functions and Roles

Functions
Roles

Growth and Development	Promotes proper growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs.
Cell Growth and Division	Regulates cell growth and division, ensuring proper tissue development and repair.
Metabolism	Regulates glucose uptake and utilization, promotes energy production.
Anti-Aging Effects	Maintains tissue integrity, promotes collagen production, and prevents age-related decline.
Immune Function	Modulates immune function and enhances immune response.
Neuroprotection	Protects and repairs neurons, enhances cognitive function.
Bone Health	Ensures proper bone formation and remodeling, enhances bone density.
Muscle Growth and Strength	Regulates muscle protein synthesis, promotes muscle hypertrophy and recovery.
Cardiovascular Health	Improves blood flow, protects against oxidative stress and inflammation.
Cancer	Implicated in tumor growth and progression, further research needed.

Igf 1: Production and Release

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a protein that is naturally produced in the human body. It is primarily produced in the liver, although it is also produced in other tissues such as the muscles and bones.

The production of IGF-1 is regulated by growth hormone (GH), which is released by the pituitary gland in the brain. When GH is released into the bloodstream, it stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1. IGF-1 is then released into the bloodstream, where it circulates throughout the body.

IGF-1 production is highest during childhood and adolescence, when growth and development are most active. As we age, the production of GH and IGF-1 decreases, leading to a decline in growth and muscle mass.

Regulation of IGF-1 Production

IGF-1 production is regulated by a complex system of feedback loops involving various hormones and factors. The primary regulator of IGF-1 production is GH, as mentioned earlier. GH stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1, which in turn stimulates the growth and development of various tissues in the body.

Other factors that can influence IGF-1 production include nutrition, exercise, and stress. Adequate nutrition, especially protein intake, is essential for the production of IGF-1. Exercise, particularly resistance training, can also stimulate the production of IGF-1.

Stress, on the other hand, can suppress the production of IGF-1. Chronic stress can lead to decreased GH secretion, resulting in lower levels of IGF-1. This can have negative effects on growth, muscle mass, and overall health.

Release of IGF-1

Once IGF-1 is produced in the liver, it is released into the bloodstream. It binds to specific receptors on target cells throughout the body, including skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage cells.

IGF-1 acts as a growth factor, promoting cell growth, division, and differentiation. It stimulates the production of proteins and the uptake of amino acids, leading to increased muscle protein synthesis and muscle growth.

In addition to its role in growth and development, IGF-1 also has other important functions in the body. It plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism, promoting bone growth and remodeling, and enhancing immune function.

In conclusion, IGF-1 is produced in the liver and other tissues and is regulated by GH. It is released into the bloodstream and acts as a growth factor, promoting cell growth and development. Various factors such as nutrition, exercise, and stress can influence IGF-1 production. Understanding the production and release of IGF-1 is important for understanding its role in growth, development, and overall health.

Igf 1: Binding and Activation

Igf 1, also known as Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, is a protein that plays a crucial role in growth and development. It is primarily produced in the liver, although other tissues such as muscles and bones also contribute to its production. Once produced, Igf 1 binds to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, initiating a series of cellular responses that promote growth and survival.

Binding to Igf 1 Receptors

Igf 1 binds to a specific type of receptor known as the Igf 1 receptor (Igf 1R). These receptors are present on the surface of various cell types throughout the body. When Igf 1 binds to Igf 1R, it triggers a conformational change in the receptor, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways.

There are two isoforms of the Igf 1 receptor, known as Igf 1R-A and Igf 1R-B. Each isoform has a slightly different structure and function. Igf 1 primarily binds to the Igf 1R-A isoform, although it can also bind to Igf 1R-B to a lesser extent.

Activation of Signaling Pathways

Once Igf 1 binds to Igf 1R, it activates several signaling pathways within the cell. One of the main pathways is the PI3K/Akt pathway, which plays a key role in cell growth and survival. Activation of this pathway leads to the phosphorylation of various downstream targets, ultimately promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting programmed cell death (apoptosis).

In addition to the PI3K/Akt pathway, Igf 1 also activates the MAPK/ERK pathway. This pathway is involved in cell differentiation and proliferation. Activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway by Igf 1 further contributes to the growth-promoting effects of Igf 1.

Regulation of Igf 1 Binding and Activation

The binding and activation of Igf 1 is tightly regulated to ensure proper growth and development. Several factors can influence the availability and activity of Igf 1, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin.

Growth hormone stimulates the production of Igf 1 in the liver, while insulin enhances the binding of Igf 1 to its receptors. These interactions between growth hormone, insulin, and Igf 1 help coordinate the growth and development of various tissues and organs in the body.

In conclusion, Igf 1 binds to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, leading to the activation of signaling pathways that promote cell growth and survival. The binding and activation of Igf 1 are regulated by various factors, including growth hormone and insulin. Understanding the mechanisms of Igf 1 binding and activation is essential for unraveling its role in growth and development.

Igf 1: Signaling Pathways

The Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and survival. It is a complex network of molecular interactions that involves several key components.

1. IGF-1 Receptor Activation

The signaling cascade begins with the binding of IGF-1 to its receptor, known as the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). This receptor is a transmembrane protein that spans the cell membrane and consists of two subunits: alpha and beta. Upon binding of IGF-1, the receptor undergoes autophosphorylation, activating its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity.

2. Activation of Downstream Signaling Molecules

Activated IGF-1R phosphorylates several downstream signaling molecules, including insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS), Shc, and Gab1. These phosphorylated proteins act as docking sites for other signaling molecules, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).

3. PI3K/AKT Pathway

One of the major signaling pathways activated by IGF-1 is the PI3K/AKT pathway. PI3K is recruited to the phosphorylated IRS proteins and generates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 then activates AKT, a serine/threonine kinase that regulates various cellular processes, including cell survival, growth, and metabolism.

4. MAPK/ERK Pathway

The MAPK/ERK pathway is another important signaling pathway activated by IGF-1. The phosphorylation of Shc and Gab1 leads to the activation of the small GTPase Ras, which in turn activates the MAPK cascade. This cascade involves the sequential activation of Raf, MEK, and ERK, ultimately leading to the regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation.

5. Crosstalk with Other Signaling Pathways

The IGF-1 signaling pathway also interacts with other signaling pathways, such as the insulin signaling pathway and the mTOR pathway. These crosstalk interactions further fine-tune the cellular responses to IGF-1 stimulation and integrate multiple signaling inputs.

6. Biological Effects of IGF-1 Signaling

The activation of the IGF-1 signaling pathway has diverse biological effects, including promoting cell growth, proliferation, and survival. It also plays a critical role in tissue development, regeneration, and metabolism. Dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Conclusion

The IGF-1 signaling pathway is a complex network of molecular interactions that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. It involves the activation of the IGF-1 receptor, downstream signaling molecules, and multiple signaling pathways. Understanding the mechanisms of IGF-1 signaling is crucial for developing targeted therapies for various diseases associated with dysregulated IGF-1 signaling.

Igf 1: Effects on Growth and Development

Igf 1, or insulin-like growth factor 1, is a hormone that plays a crucial role in growth and development in humans. It is produced by the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone stimulation. Igf 1 acts as a mediator of the effects of growth hormone and is essential for normal growth and development during childhood and adolescence.

Stimulates Skeletal Growth

One of the main effects of Igf 1 is its ability to stimulate skeletal growth. It promotes the growth of long bones, such as those in the arms and legs, by increasing the rate of bone formation. Igf 1 also enhances the mineralization of bones, making them stronger and less prone to fractures. This is why Igf 1 is particularly important during periods of rapid growth, such as puberty.

Promotes Muscle Growth

Igf 1 is also involved in promoting muscle growth. It stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells, leading to an increase in muscle mass. Additionally, Igf 1 enhances protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown in muscle tissue, further contributing to muscle growth. This is why Igf 1 is often associated with athletic performance and muscle development.

Affects Organ Growth

Besides its effects on skeletal and muscle growth, Igf 1 also influences the growth of other organs in the body. It promotes the growth and development of organs such as the liver, kidneys, and heart. Igf 1 is necessary for the proper functioning and maintenance of these organs, ensuring their optimal growth and function.

Regulates Metabolism

Igf 1 plays a role in regulating metabolism, particularly in relation to glucose metabolism. It enhances the uptake of glucose by cells, leading to a decrease in blood glucose levels. Igf 1 also promotes the breakdown of fatty acids and inhibits their synthesis, contributing to the regulation of lipid metabolism. These metabolic effects of Igf 1 are important for maintaining energy balance and overall metabolic health.

Conclusion

Igf 1 is a hormone that exerts various effects on growth and development in humans. It stimulates skeletal growth, promotes muscle growth, affects organ growth, and regulates metabolism. Understanding the role of Igf 1 is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying normal growth and development, as well as its potential implications in various health conditions.

Igf 1: Relationship with Insulin

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that is closely related to insulin. It shares a similar structure and function with insulin, and both hormones play important roles in regulating growth and metabolism.

1. Production and Regulation

IGF-1 is primarily produced in the liver, although it is also produced in other tissues such as muscle and bone. Its production is regulated by growth hormone (GH), which is released by the pituitary gland. GH stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1, which then acts on various target tissues throughout the body.

2. Role in Insulin Signaling

IGF-1 and insulin have overlapping functions and can both activate the same signaling pathways in cells. Both hormones bind to specific receptors on the surface of cells, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling cascades that regulate processes such as cell growth, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism.

One important difference between IGF-1 and insulin is their binding affinity to their respective receptors. Insulin primarily binds to the insulin receptor, while IGF-1 can bind to both the insulin receptor and the IGF-1 receptor. This dual binding ability allows IGF-1 to have a broader range of effects compared to insulin.

3. Effects on Growth and Development

IGF-1 plays a critical role in promoting growth and development, especially during childhood and adolescence. It stimulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues, and helps regulate the timing and rate of growth. Deficiencies in IGF-1 can lead to growth disorders such as dwarfism, while excessive levels of IGF-1 can result in gigantism or acromegaly.

4. Role in Metabolism

IGF-1 also plays a role in regulating metabolism, particularly in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism. It enhances the uptake of glucose into cells and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Additionally, IGF-1 stimulates the breakdown of fats (lipolysis) and inhibits the breakdown of proteins (proteolysis).

5. Interaction with Insulin

IGF-1 and insulin have a complex relationship, as they can both influence each other’s actions. Insulin can stimulate the production of IGF-1 in the liver, and IGF-1 can enhance the sensitivity of cells to insulin, thereby promoting glucose uptake and utilization.

However, excessive levels of IGF-1 can lead to insulin resistance, a condition in which cells become less responsive to the effects of insulin. This can contribute to the development of conditions such as type 2 diabetes.

Conclusion

IGF-1 and insulin are closely related hormones that play important roles in growth and metabolism. They share similar structures and functions, and both hormones interact with each other to regulate various physiological processes. Understanding the relationship between IGF-1 and insulin is crucial for understanding the complex mechanisms that govern growth and metabolism in the body.

Igf 1: Role in Muscle Growth and Repair

Igf 1, or insulin-like growth factor 1, plays a crucial role in muscle growth and repair. This protein is produced by the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone stimulation. Igf 1 is known for its anabolic effects, meaning it promotes the growth and development of muscle tissue.

When it comes to muscle growth, Igf 1 works by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. Satellite cells are a type of stem cell that are located on the surface of muscle fibers. When muscle damage occurs, such as during intense exercise or weightlifting, satellite cells are activated and begin to multiply. Igf 1 helps to promote the growth and fusion of these satellite cells, leading to an increase in muscle fiber size and overall muscle growth.

In addition to its role in muscle growth, Igf 1 also plays a key role in muscle repair. After strenuous exercise or muscle injury, Igf 1 helps to stimulate the repair and regeneration of damaged muscle fibers. It does this by promoting the synthesis of new proteins and increasing the rate of muscle protein turnover. This allows for faster recovery and repair of muscle tissue.

Furthermore, Igf 1 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce muscle soreness and inflammation after exercise. It also helps to improve muscle insulin sensitivity, allowing for better nutrient uptake and utilization by muscle cells.

Overall, Igf 1 is a critical factor in muscle growth and repair. Its ability to stimulate satellite cell proliferation, promote protein synthesis, and enhance muscle insulin sensitivity make it an essential component for achieving optimal muscle development and recovery.

Igf 1: Implications in Disease and Aging

The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including growth, development, and metabolism. However, dysregulation of IGF-1 levels has been associated with several diseases and aging.

Implications in Disease:

• Cancer: Elevated levels of IGF-1 have been linked to an increased risk of various cancers, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. IGF-1 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis, contributing to tumor growth and progression.
• Diabetes: Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, is often associated with dysregulated IGF-1 signaling. High levels of IGF-1 can impair insulin sensitivity and lead to the development of insulin resistance.
• Cardiovascular disease: IGF-1 has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. It promotes inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, all of which contribute to the progression of cardiovascular disease.
• Neurodegenerative diseases: Dysregulation of IGF-1 signaling has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. IGF-1 plays a neuroprotective role by promoting neuronal survival and growth, and its dysregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases.

Implications in Aging:

IGF-1 levels decline with age, and this decline has been associated with the aging process. Reduced IGF-1 signaling has been linked to age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia), decreased bone density (osteoporosis), and impaired cognitive function.

Studies have shown that interventions that increase IGF-1 levels, such as caloric restriction and exercise, can extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. However, excessive IGF-1 signaling has also been associated with accelerated aging and increased risk of age-related diseases.

Factors influencing IGF-1 levels:

Factors
Effect on IGF-1 levels

Caloric restriction	Increases IGF-1 levels
Exercise	Increases IGF-1 levels
Obesity	Decreases IGF-1 levels
Aging	Decreases IGF-1 levels

Further research is needed to fully understand the complex role of IGF-1 in disease and aging. Manipulating IGF-1 levels may hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions for various diseases and age-related conditions.